Source

Mouse

Reactivity

Human;Mouse;Rat;Monkey

Background

Keratins are intermediate filament proteins that are mainly expressed in epithelial cells. Keratin heterodimers composed of an acidic keratin and a basic keratin assemble to form filaments. Keratin isoforms demonstrate tissue- and differentiation-specific profiles that make them useful as research and clinical biomarkers.Dysregulation/mutations in keratin genes can lead to a variety of disorders affecting the skin, hair, nails, and other epithelial tissues. While expression of keratins can be variable, immunohistochemical staining of keratins is widely used to help in the identification and classification of epithelial tumors, and may also provide prognostic information.Keratins 8 and 18 are expressed in simple epithelia of normal tissue, as well as in adenocarcinomas of the breast, lung, ovary, and gastrointestinal tract. Keratin 17 is expressed in basal keratinocytes of stratified epithelia, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. Onset of keratin 17 expression coincides with the definition of major epithelial lineages during skin development. Keratin 14 is expressed in basal cells of stratified epithelia, and in basal-like subtypes of breast cancer and squamous cell carcinomas. Keratin 19 is expressed in glandular epithelia, including the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, as well as in adenocarcinomas of the breast, thyroid, and bile duct. Keratin 20 is expressed in gastrointestinal epithelium, urothelium, and Merkel cells in the skin, as well as in colorectal carcinomas and some urothelial carcinomas. Keratin 5/6 is expressed in basal cells of stratified epithelia, including the skin, prostate, and breast, as well as in basal-like breast cancers, squamous cell carcinomas, and some lung carcinomas. Keratin 7 is expressed in glandular epithelia, such as those in the lung, breast, and female reproductive tract, as well as in adenocarcinomas of the lung, breast, and ovary.Keratins, particularly K8, K18, and K19, serve as biomarkers for identification of circulating tumor cells.Post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation, glycosylation, and transamidation, have been shown to affect the functions of keratins in normal and disease states. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these PTMs may provide insights into cancer pathogenesis.

References

[1] Chang, L. and Goldman, R.D. (2004) Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5, 601-13.
[2] Schweizer, J. et al. (2006) J Cell Biol 174, 169-74.
[3] Sarma, A. (2022) Int J Biol Macromol 219, 395-413.
[4] McGowan, K.M. and Coulombe, P.A. (1998) J Cell Biol 143, 469-86.
[5] Werner, S. et al. (2020) Mol Aspects Med 72, 100817.
[6] Dmello, C. et al. (2019) J Biosci 44, 33.

Raw materials

Preparation Products