塩化ナトリウム 化學(xué)特性,用途語(yǔ),生産方法
外観
無(wú)色澄明の液體
定義
本品は、ナトリウムの塩化物であり、次の化學(xué)式で表される。
溶解性
水に溶けやすく、エタノールに溶けにくい。
解説
塩化ナトリウム，食塩とも。純粋なものは化學(xué)的には塩化ナトリウムであるが，通常マグネシウム塩，カルシウム塩などを少量含む。巖塩，天然鹹水(かんすい)，海水として地球上に広くかつ多量に存在し，外國(guó)では主として巖塩により，日本では古くから塩田による海水からの製塩が発達(dá)したが，現(xiàn)在はほとんどイオン交換膜法に切り換えられた。塩化マグネシウムを含むものは潮解性。血液の浸透圧を一定に保ち，動(dòng)物の生理作用に重要。
用途
塩濃度?浸透圧調(diào)整用。TNE、SSCの塩溶液用。
用途
低濃度銀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)液の濃度標(biāo)定。
用途
汎用試薬。
用途
汎用試薬、調(diào)製液製造原料、寒剤、塩析剤、光學(xué)材料。
応用
１日の最小必要量は10g程度といわれ，過(guò)剰摂取が高血圧癥と関係のあることは明らかで要注意。食用，調(diào)味料製造，食品保存，ソーダ工業(yè)用原料，窯業(yè)用などきわめて用途も広く，需要量も大きい。
化粧品の成分用途
保濕.濕潤(rùn)剤、口腔ケア剤、皮膚コンディショニング剤、親水性増粘剤、香味剤、研磨.スクラブ剤
効能
等張化剤, 補(bǔ)正用電解質(zhì)液, 食塩補(bǔ)充薬
健康影響
ナトリウム塩化物は人體にとって必要不可欠なミネラルですが過(guò)剰摂取は高血圧や心臓病腎疾患のリスクを高めることが指摘されていますそのため健康的な食生活を送る上でナトリウムの摂取量を適切に管理することが重要です多くの公衆(zhòng)衛(wèi)生機(jī)関は加工食品や外食に含まれる隠れたナトリウムに注意し塩分摂取量を制限するよう勧告しています
展望
ナトリウム塩化物の生産と利用は今後も続くでしょうがその環(huán)境への影響や健康への影響を最小限に抑えるための新しい技術(shù)や方法が開(kāi)発されています例えば融雪剤としての使用においては塩分の使用量を減らしながら効果を維持するための代替物質(zhì)の研究が進(jìn)められていますまたナトリウムの健康への影響に対する認(rèn)識(shí)の高まりは低ナトリウム食品の開(kāi)発を促進(jìn)しています
商品名
エポプロステノール (アクテリオンファーマシューティカルズジャパン); 塩化Na (大塚製薬工場(chǎng)); 塩化Na (大塚製薬工場(chǎng)); 塩化ナトリウム (光製薬); 塩化ナトリウム (大塚製薬工場(chǎng)); 塩化ナトリウム (小堺製薬); 塩化ナトリウム (山善製薬); 塩化ナトリウム (恵美須薬品化工); 塩化ナトリウム (扶桑薬品工業(yè)); 塩化ナトリウム (扶桑薬品工業(yè)); 塩化ナトリウム (日醫(yī)工); 塩化ナトリウム (日醫(yī)工); 塩化ナトリウム (日新製薬－山形); 塩化ナトリウム (日新製薬－山形); 塩化ナトリウム (日本家庭用塩); 塩化ナトリウム (東海製薬); 大塚食塩 (大塚製薬工場(chǎng)); 食塩注 (共和クリティケア)
化學(xué)的特性
ナトリウム塩化物化學(xué)式でNaClと表されるは日常生活で最もよく使われている化合物の一つです一般に「塩」として知られ食品の調(diào)味料や保存料として広く利用されていますしかしナトリウム塩化物の用途は食品産業(yè)にとどまらず醫(yī)療工業(yè)さらには道路の除雪など多岐にわたります
説明
Sodium chloride is widely distributed in nature. Oceans are the vast source of sodium chloride. It occurs in seawater at an average concentration of 2.68 wt%. It also occurs in many inland saline waters and in salt deposits in sedimentary rocks, as the mineral halite.
Sodium chloride is probably the most important salt of both sodium and chlorine. Sodium chloride, common table salt, is an essential component of most food preparation, imparting flavor to food and providing the sodium nutritional requirement. Also, it is used for preserving food. Therapeutically, NaCl solution is used to combat dehydration as an electrolyte replenisher, and it is an emetic.
The most important applications of sodium chloride in the chemical industry are in making a number of important industrial chemicals such as hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and metallic sodium. It is the starting material in manufacturing these substances. Other uses are in dyeing and printing fabrics, glazing pottery, in making soap, and for curing hides. Sodium chloride is a component of many freezing mixtures.
物理的性質(zhì)
Sodium chloride is the familiar compound commonly referred to as salt or table salt. Its mineral form, called halite, is found in natural deposits worldwide and constitutes approximately 2.7% by weight of the dissolved minerals in seawater. As an ionic compound, it exists as a white crystalline solid with a cubic structure composed of alternating sodium and chloride ions. Sodium chloride is essential for life, with the average adult requiring an intake of about 1 to 2 grams per day. It supplies sodium, which performs numerous vital functions, including maintaining cellular water balance, facilitating nerve signal transmission, and enabling muscle contraction.
The space lattice of NaCl belongs to the cubic system, and its rock salt structure has a lattice constant of a=0.55870 nm and Na–Cl=0.27935 nm. The cleavage plane is (100).
使用
sodium chloride (table salt) is used as a preservative, astringent, and anti-septic to treat inflamed lesions. It can also be used to mask odor, reduce product density, and control viscosity. Diluted solutions are not considered irritating.
製造方法
Sodium chloride is produced by solar evaporation of seawater or brine from underground salt deposits. It also is produced by mining rock salt. The commercial product contains small amounts of calcium and magnesium chlorides.
調(diào)製方法
Sodium chloride occurs naturally as the mineral halite. Commercially,
it is obtained by the solar evaporation of sea water, by mining,
or by the evaporation of brine from underground salt deposits.
定義
ChEBI: Sodium chloride is an inorganic chloride salt with sodium(1+) as the counterion. Chemically, a salt is a compound produced by the neutralization reaction between an acid and a base, where the acid's hydrogen ions are replaced by metal or other cations. While most salts (e.g., NaCl, NH?NO?) are crystalline ionic compounds, certain covalent metal compounds like TiCl? are also broadly categorized as salts.
安全性
ナトリウム塩化物の広範(fàn)な利用は環(huán)境にも影響を與えることがあります特に道路の融雪剤としての使用は地表や水源に塩分が蓄積し植物や水生生物に悪影響を及ぼす可能性がありますこの塩分の蓄積は土壌の塩害を引き起こし植物の成長(zhǎng)を阻害することが知られていますさらに飲料水への影響も懸念されておりナトリウム塩化物の管理と使用方法についてのさらなる研究と規(guī)制が求められています
一般的な説明
A white crystalline solid. Commercial grade usually contains some chlorides of calcium and magnesium which absorb moisture and cause caking.
空気と水の反応
Water soluble.
反応プロフィール
Sodium chloride is generally unreactive. Releases gaseous hydrogen chloride if mixed with a concentrated nonvolatile acid such as sulfuric acid.
火災(zāi)危険
Literature sources indicate that Sodium chloride is nonflammable.
生産方法
ナトリウム塩化物は自然界に豊富に存在しており海水や巖塩地下の塩の鉱床から採(cǎi)取されます海水からの塩の生産は太陽(yáng)の熱を利用して水分を蒸発させることで行われることが多くこの過(guò)程を「太陽(yáng)塩」と呼びます一方巖塩は鉱山で掘り出され精製された後に市場(chǎng)に供給されますこれらの方法により世界中で広くナトリウム塩化物が生産されています
化學(xué)性質(zhì)
融點(diǎn)801℃，沸點(diǎn)1413℃
農(nóng)業(yè)用途
Halite is a naturally occurring sodium chloride (NaCl) deposit. The most abundant potash mineral deposit is sylvite (KCl). Sylvite with halite forms the common potash ore, called sylvinite.
応用例（製薬）
Sodium chloride is widely used in a variety of parenteral and
nonparenteral pharmaceutical formulations, where the primary use
is to produce isotonic solutions.
Sodium chloride has been used as a lubricant and diluent in
capsules and direct-compression tablet formulations in the past,
although this practice is no longer common. Sodium chloride has
also been used as a channeling agent and as an osmotic agent
in the cores of controlled-release tablets. It has been used as a
porosity modifier in tablet coatings, and to control drug release
from microcapsules.
The addition of sodium chloride to aqueous spray-coating
solutions containing hydroxypropyl cellulose or hypromellose
suppresses the agglomeration of crystalline cellulose particles.(13)
Sodium chloride can also be used to modify drug release from
gels and from emulsions. It can be used to control micelle
size, and to adjust the viscosity of polymer dispersions by
altering the ionic character of a formulation.
安全性プロファイル
Poison by intraperitoneal and intracervical routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion, intravenous, and subcutaneous routes. An experimental teratogen. Human systemic effects by ingestion: blood pressure increase. Human reproductive effects by intraplacental route: terminates pregnancy. Experimental reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. A skin and eye irritant. When bulk sodium chloride is heated to high temperature, a vapor is emitted that is irritating, particularly to the eyes. Ingestion of large amounts of sodium chloride can cause irritation of the stomach. Improper use of salt tablets may produce this effect. Potentially explosive reaction with dichloromaleic anhydride + urea. Electrolysis of mixtures with nitrogen compounds may form the explosive nitrogen trichloride. Reaction with burning lithmm forms the dangerously reactive sodmm. The molten salt at 11 00' reacts explosively with water. Violent reaction with BrF3. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cland Na2O.
安全性
Sodium chloride is the most important salt in the body for
maintaining the osmotic tension of blood and tissues. About
5–12 g of sodium chloride is consumed daily, in the normal adult
diet, and a corresponding amount is excreted in the urine. As an
excipient, sodium chloride may be regarded as an essentially
nontoxic and nonirritant material. However, toxic effects following
the oral ingestion of 0.5–1.0 g/kg body-weight in adults may occur.
The oral ingestion of larger quantities of sodium chloride, e.g.
1000 g in 600mL of water, is harmful and can induce irritation
of the gastrointestinal tract, vomiting, hypernatremia, respiratory
distress, convulsions, or death.
In rats, the minimum lethal intravenous dose is 2.5 g/kg bodyweight.
LD50 (mouse, IP): 6.61 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, IV): 0.65 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, oral): 4.0 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, SC): 3.0 g/kg
LD50 (rat, oral): 3.0 g/kg
概要
塩化ナトリウムはただの「食塩」以上のものでありその化學(xué)的特性と実用性は多方面にわたります物質(zhì)の基本的な理解を深めることで私たちは日常生活で遭遇する物質(zhì)の重要性や役割をよりよく理解することができるでしょう
貯蔵
Aqueous sodium chloride solutions are stable but may cause the
separation of glass particles from certain types of glass containers.
Aqueous solutions may be sterilized by autoclaving or filtration.
The solid material is stable and should be stored in a well-closed
container, in a cool, dry place.
It has been shown that the compaction characteristics and the
mechanical properties of tablets are influenced by the relative
humidity of the storage conditions under which sodium chloride
was kept.
合成方法
海水からの製塩による
純化方法
It is recrystallised from a saturated aqueous solution (2.7mL/g) by passing in HCl gas, or by adding EtOH or acetone. It can be freed from bromide and iodide impurities by adding chlorine water to an aqueous solution and boiling it for some time to expel free bromine and iodine. Traces of iron can be removed by prolonged boiling of solid NaCl in 6M HCl; the crystals are then washed with EtOH and dried at ca 100o. Sodium chloride has been purified by sublimation in a stream of pre-purified N2 and collected by electrostatic discharge [Ross & Winkler J Am Chem Soc 76 2637 1954]. For use as a primary analytical standard, analytical reagent grade NaCl should be finely ground, dried in an electric furnace at 500-600o in a platinum crucible, and allowed to cool in a desiccator. For most purposes, however, drying at 110-120o is satisfactory.
不和合性
Aqueous sodium chloride solutions are corrosive to iron. They also
react to form precipitates with silver, lead, and mercury salts. Strong
oxidizing agents liberate chlorine from acidified solutions of sodium
chloride. The solubility of the antimicrobial preservative methylparaben
is decreased in aqueous sodium chloride solutions and
the viscosity of carbomer gels and solutions of hydroxyethyl
cellulose or hydroxypropyl cellulose is reduced by the addition of
sodium chloride.
規(guī)制狀況(Regulatory Status)
GRAS listed. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database
(injections; inhalations; nasal, ophthalmic, oral, otic, rectal, and
topical preparations). Included in nonparenteral and parenteral
medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of
Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.
參考文獻(xiàn)
G.I. Finch, S. Fordham, Proc. Phys. Soc., 48, 85 (1936), DOI: 10.1088/0959-5309/48/1/312.
塩化ナトリウム 上流と下流の製品情報(bào)
原材料
準(zhǔn)備製品
ウロキナーゼ
Gongzhulingmeisu
セフェピム
ピロリン酸第一スズ
ヒマシ硬化油
トリエンチン·2塩酸塩
Black cyanide
C.I.アシッドグリーン28
3-ヒドロキシ-2,7-ナフタレンジスルホン酸
4-[4,5-ジヒドロ-3-メチル-5-オキソ-4-(フェニルアゾ)-1H-ピラゾール-1-イル]ベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム
2-アミノ-1,4-ベンゼンジスルホン酸
メチルバイオレットBベース
塩化水銀(Ⅰ)
ホロンスカーレットS-BWFL
fossil salt
クロロホルムアミジン塩酸塩
フィシン
2,3,4,5-テトラフルオロ-6-ニトロ安息香酸
2-アミノ-5-クロロベンゾトリフルオリド
L-(+)-マンデル酸メチル
3-アミノ-5-ブロモ-2-ヒドロキシピリジン
フェニルヒドロキシアミン
ダイレクト ブル１９９
モンテルカスト
2-ヒドロキシ-5-[(4-スルホフェニル)アゾ]安息香酸二ナトリウム
Dregs remover
トリエチレンテトラミン 四塩酸塩
4-アミノ-5-ヒドロキシ-2,7-ナフタレンジスルホン酸ナトリウム水和物
4-クロロ-3-ピコリン塩酸塩 塩化物
塩素酸アンモニウム
5-フルオロ-2-メチルベンズアルデヒド
1-メチル-4-(3-ニトロフェニル)ピペラジン
3-ヒドロキシ-4-[(2-ヒドロキシ-1-ナフタレニル)アゾ]-7-ニトロ-1-ナフタレンスルホン酸/1-[(2-ヒドロキシ-3,5-ジニトロフェニル)アゾ]-2-ナフタレノール/ナトリウム/クロム酸,(1:1:2:1)
Copper, 2,2'-[carbonylbis[imino(1-hydroxy-3-sulfo-6,2-naphthalenediyl)azo]]bis[benzoic acid] complex
Chlorine dioxide,stable
酢酸 プロピル
ピストンロッド
5-アミノ-2-クロロトルエン-4-スルホン酸
1-メチル-4-(4-ニトロベンジル)ピペラジン
SODA ASH LIGHT 99.2% MIN.