N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド 化學(xué)特性,用途語(yǔ),生産方法
外観
無(wú)色?ほとんど無(wú)色, 澄明の液體
溶解性
水、エタノール及びアセトンに極めて溶けやすい。
解説
N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド,可燃性液體．沸點(diǎn)165.5 ℃(100 kPa)．引火點(diǎn)66 ℃．d040.9599．n20D1.4373．エーテル，ベンゼン，アセトンなどに易溶，水に可溶，飽和炭化水素に難溶．有機(jī)反応の溶媒として多用される．ポリアクリロニトリルの紡糸用溶剤，ポリイミド樹脂の溶剤として使用されている．
森北出版「化學(xué)辭典（第2版）
用途
繊維製造段階に溶剤として使用
用途
溶剤、樹脂剝離剤、醫(yī)薬原料
用途
反応溶媒、精製溶剤、樹脂溶剤
製造
N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド,ジメチルアミンと塩化アセチルとの反応で工業(yè)的に製造されている．
毒性
N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド分解時(shí)，眼，粘膜を強(qiáng)く刺激する白煙を生じる．LD50 3920 mg/kg(マウス，腹腔內(nèi))．
使用上の注意
不活性ガス封入
説明
Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) is a synthetic organic compound
that is produced from a reaction of dimethylamine and acetic
acid or acetic anhydride. It is a colorless to yellow liquid with
a faint odor resembling ammonia. DMAC has similar density
to water and is miscible with water and organic substances. This
organic compound is commonly associated with many industrial
uses, either as a starting material or an intermediate.
DMAC is a good solvent that is used in polymer dissolution,
especially in the fiber industry. Historically, DMAC was also
tested as a possible antineoplastic agent in a phase 1 study
involving 17 patients. However, liver and central nervous
system (CNS) toxicity associated with DMAC was observed and
these patients had altered mental states, resulting in no further
drug development.
化學(xué)的特性
Dimethylacetamide occurs as a clear, colorless, slightly hygroscopic liquid with a weak ammonia-like or fish-like odor. odor threshold concentration is 46.8 ppmv (Leonardos et al., 1969). It is soluble in a wide variety of solvents.
使用
N,N-dimethylacetamide is an excellent solvent and often acts as a catalyst in halogenation, cyclization, and alkylation reactions. It is an important industrial solvent for polyacrylonitrile, vinyl resins, cellulose derivatives, styrene polymers and linear polyesters. It is also used in all analytical laboratories as a major component of mobile phase in High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and in Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). N,N-dimethylacetamide lithium chelate complexes intercalate cationic sites in layered silicates.
主な応用
N,N-Dimethylacetamide is primarily used as an industrial solvent and intermediate in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, agrochemicals, polymers, and resins. It is also used as a spinning solvent in the production of fibers of various polymers, including acrylic, polyurethane, polyurea copolymer, and meta-aramid. Moreover, this aprotic dipolar solvent is also used in X-ray and photographic products and in the production of polyimide films. The polyimide films are produced for a variety of industries, including consumer electronics, solar photovoltaic and wind energy, aerospace, automotive, and industrial applications. N,N-Dimethylacetamide has other minor uses, including removal of ink, stripping of paint, and also for laboratory use.
定義
ChEBI: N,N-dimethylacetamide is a member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is a member of acetamides and a monocarboxylic acid amide. It is functionally related to an acetamide.
製造方法
N,N-Dimethylacetamide is prepared by reaction of dimethylamine with acetic acid, acetic anhydride, or acetate esters. Heating dimethylamine acetate with, or without a catalyst affords N,N-Dimethylacetamide. Reaction of dimethylamine with acetate esters requires a catalyst; sodium methoxide is typically used.
一般的な説明
Dimethylacetamide appears as a clear colorless liquid with a faint odor similar to ammonia. About the same density as water. Flash point 145°F. Vapors heavier than air. May by toxic by skin absorption. May irritate eyes and skin.
空気と水の反応
Water soluble.
反応プロフィール
N,N-Dimethylacetamide is an amide. Incompatible with oxidizing agents and halogenated compounds. Exothermic reactions occur with carbon tetrachloride and hexachlorocyclohexane. N,N-Dimethylacetamide can react violently in the presence of iron. Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Emits carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, and dimethylamine when heated to decomposition.
健康ハザード
A study of 41 workers who had been exposed to dimethylacetamide from 2 to 10 years revealed the occurrence of disorders reflecting liver damage (Corsi, 1971). Retention of bromosulfophthalein was increased in 9 of 10 workers who had been exposed to dimethylacetamide for 7 to 10 years, and in 10 of 20 workers who had been exposed to dimethylacetamide for 2 to 7 years. Other parameters of hepatic function which were altered in the exposed individuals include proteinemia, cholesterolemia, activities of hepatic transaminases and alkaline phosphatase in serum, and bilirubinemia. Hepatomegaly was diagnosed in 14 workers.
In a clinical trial, dimethylacetamide was administered to patients with advanced malignancies and caused abnormal mental states (Weiss et al 1962a, b). This effect was observed at a dose of 400 mg/kg given daily for 3 or more days.
The symptoms were not seen at 300 mg/kg or lower. The second or third dose caused depression, lethargy, occasional confusion or disorientation. The fourth or fifth dose produced striking hallucinations, perceptual distortions and delusions in all nine patients. All patients reverted to normal several days after discontinuation of treatment with dimethylacetamide.
火災(zāi)危険
N,N-Dimethylacetamide is combustible.
化學(xué)性質(zhì)
強(qiáng)力な溶解力を有する極性溶剤。化學(xué)的?熱的に安定。
工業(yè)用途
Dimethylacetamide is a powerful industrial solvent, the uses of which are very similar to those of dimethylformamide (Siegle, 1980). Its strong solvent action renders it particularly useful in the manufacture of films and fibers and as a solvent for polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl chloride, polyamides, cellulose derivatives and polystyrenes and in coatings and adhesive formulations. Dimethylacetamide dissolves many inorganic salts.
安全性プロファイル
Moderately toxic by
skin contact, inhalation, intravenous, and
intraperitoneal routes. Mildly toxic by
ingestion. Experimental teratogenic and
reproductive effects. A skin and eye irritant.
Less toxic than dimethylformamide.
Mutation data reported. Combustible when
exposed to heat and flame. A moderate
explosion hazard. Violent reaction with
halogenated compounds (e.g., carbon
tetrachloride, hexachlorocyclohexane) when
heated above 9OOC. Iron powder catalyzes
the reaction so that it initiates at 71OC.
When heated to decomposition it emits
toxic fumes of NOx
安全性
Dimethylacetamide is used in pharmaceutical preparations as a solvent in parenteral formulations and is generally regarded as a nontoxic material when used as an excipient. Animal toxicity studies indicate that dimethylacetamide is readily absorbed into the bloodstream following inhalation or topical application. Repeated exposure to dimethylacetamide may be harmful and can result in liver damage. High intravenous doses (>400mg/kg/day for 3 days) may be hallucinogenic.
LD50 (rabbit, SC): 9.6g/kg(11) LD50 (rat, IP): 2.75g/kg LD50 (rat, IV): 2.64g/kg LD50 (rat, oral): 4.93g/kg LD50 (mouse, inhalation): 7.2g/kg LD50 (mouse, IP): 2.8g/kg
発がん性
DMAC was not carcinogenic in
rats administered 100, 300, or 1000 mg/kg/day in drinking
water for 2 years. Rats and mice were exposed by
inhalation to 0, 25, 100, or 350 ppm DMAC for 6 h/day,
5 days/week for 18 months (mice) or 2 years (rats). DMAC
was not oncogenic under these conditions in either the rat or
the mouse.
環(huán)境運(yùn)命予測(cè)
Chemical/Physical. Releases toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides when heated to decomposition (Sax
and Lewis, 1987).
代謝
33 mg or 92 mg of 14C-labelled DMAC were given by gavage to two rats. The major urinary components were:60-70% MMAC, 7-10% N -hydroxymethylacetamide, 7- 10%, Acetamide and some residual DMAC. A small proportion of DMAC and its intermediates was hydrolysed and eliminated as Carbon Dioxide.
Twenty male rats were given two subcutaneous injections of 300 mg DMAC, MMAC and Acetamide were found in the urine.
20 rats had 20-80% DMAC solutions (0.12 ml) applied to their backs. The amount of MMAC increased as the solution concentration increased. Recovery ranged from 13% for the 20% solution to 42% for undiluted DMAC (Du Pont, 1988).
These studies show that the major metabolic pathway of DMAC "in vivo" in rats is sequential N-demethylation and elimination from the body.
https://hpvchemicals.oecd.org/ui/handler.axdid=16564422-daff-4489-8c27-735d3ab0b260
貯蔵
Dimethylacetamide should be stored in an airtight container, protected from light, in a cool, dry place. Dimethylacetamide has an almost unlimited shelf-life when kept in closed containers and under nitrogen. It is combustible.
合成方法
觸媒あるいは酸化金屬觸媒存在下、水酢酸に過(guò)剰のジメチルアミンを吹き込む（常圧?135?140℃あるいは1?3 MPa?150?250℃）。
純化方法
Shake the amide with BaO for several days, reflux it with BaO for 1hour, then fractionally distil it under reduced pressure. Store it over molecular sieves. [Beilstein 4 IV 180.]
不和合性
Dimethylacetamide is incompatible with carbon tetrachloride, oxidizing agents, halogenated compounds, and iron. It attacks plastic and rubber. Contact with strong oxidizers may cause fire.
規(guī)制狀況(Regulatory Status)
Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (IM injections, IV injections and infusions). Included in parenteral medicines licensed in the UK.
N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド 上流と下流の製品情報(bào)
原材料
準(zhǔn)備製品
1,2-ジクロロプロパン
チオスルタップナトリウム塩標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品
1-(5-NITRO-3-THIENYL)ETHAN-1-ONE
2-メチル-1H-ピロロ[2,3-b]ピリジン
セフォタキシムナトリウム
2-(1-HYDROXYLAMINOETHYL)-BENZOTHIOPHENE
2-アセチルベンゾ[b]チオフェン
3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile ,97%
フルオキセチン
1-ナフタレンスルホニルクロリド
5-アセチルインドール
complex polystyrene high efficiency anticorrosion paint
ペルゴリド
1,3-ジクロロプロペン (cis-, trans-混合物)
チオシクラム·しゅう酸
セフォペラゾン
6-(ブロモメチル)-2,4-プテリジンジアミン臭化水素酸塩
2-アセチル-3-アミノチオフェン
4-ヒドロキシインドール
4'-フェノキシアセトフェノン
ジフェニルアセチレン
フェンホルミン
1-クロロ-2-プロパノール (約25%2-クロロ-1-プロパノール含む)
フルフェナム酸
セフジニル
2-アセチルピロール
セフメノキシム
2-メトキシ-4-メチル-6-(メチルアミノ)-1,3,5-トリアジン
cis-DL-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid
4-フルオロアニリン
main chain liquid crystalling polysiloxane polyurethane
メチル(ベンゾフラン-2-イル)ケトン
クロモン-3-カルボキシアルデヒド
1-メチル-1H-イミダゾール-5-カルボン酸
6-アミノ-3-メチル-3H-プリン