CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
Verwenden
Carbamate insecticides have a wide variety of uses, including protection of crops, grains, gardens, and public health. Some also have application as therapeutic agents in certain disease conditions. Originally developed as chemical warfare agents, more than 30 OPs are registered for use as pesticides in the UnitedStates (Lowit, 2006). The volume of carbamates used exceeds that of the OPs because toxicity is generally less (Gupta, 2006) with 10 registered in the UnitedStates (Mortensen, 2006).
Toxikologie
The carbamate insecticides are active against a relatively narrower range of target organisms than the organophosphates, but they are highly toxic to such beneficial insects as honeybees. In general, these compounds are quite toxic to mammals via oral exposure, although in most cases their dermal toxicity is low.
Carbamate insecticides have been involved in a large number of human
poisoning incidents, both as a result of occupational exposure and as contamination
of food products. For example, the carbamate aldicarb was the
cause of 281 people in California becoming ill in 1985 as a result of contaminated
watermelons. Because aldicarb is quite water soluble, it can
accumulate to dangerous levels in foods possessing high water content.
Like the organophosphates, the carbamate insecticides are AChE inhibitors in mammals. Carbamates are direct-acting inhibitors of AChE; however, they are not able to age the neurotoxic esterase. Therefore, they are not associated with the delayed neuropathy syndrome. The symptoms of poisoning are typically cholinergic with lacrimation, salivation, miosis, convulsions, and death.
CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
