Source

Rabbit

Reactivity

Human;Monkey;Bovine

Background

PAI-1 is a secreted protein that belongs to the serine proteinase inhibitor superfamily. It inhibits urokinase and tissue plasminogen activators and thus, reduces the conversion of inactive plasminogen to plasmin. PAI-1 regulates fibrinolysis and plays an important role in vessel patency and tissue remodeling. Secreted PAI-1 interacts with the extracellular matrix component vitronectin, thereby modulating cell-ECM interactions. PAI-1 is expressed in a variety of tissues with higher expression in liver, vascular endothelial cells, platelets, macrophages, and adipose tissue. Increased levels of PAI-1 are associated with deep vein thrombosis. Defects in PAI-1 cause plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 deficiency, which is characterized by increased bleeding after injury or surgery. Research studies have shown that high levels of PAI-1 are associated with obesity, aging, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. PAI-1 is transcriptionally regulated by TGF-β and mediates TGF-β-induced inhibition of cell migration and invasion in cancer cells. Studies have also shown PAI-1 to be involved in fibrosis.

References

[1] Pannekoek, H. et al. (1986) EMBO J 5, 2539-44.
[2] Sigurdardottir, O. and Wiman, B. (1994) Biochim Biophys Acta 1208, 104-10.
[3] Konstantinides, S. et al. (2001) Circulation 103, 576-83.
[4] Baldwin, J.F. et al. (2012) J Vasc Surg 56, 1089-97.
[5] Fay, W.P. et al. (1997) Blood 90, 204-8.
[6] Pannacciulli, N. et al. (2002) Obes Res 10, 717-25.
[7] Juhan-Vague, I. et al. (1991) Diabetologia 34, 457-62.
[8] Hashimoto, Y. et al. (1987) Thromb Res 46, 625-33.
[9] Humbert, L. and Lebrun, J.J. (2012) Cell Signal 25, 490-500.
[10] Zhang, L.P. et al. (1999) J Hepatol 31, 703-11.

Raw materials

Preparation Products