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Amino Acids and Derivatives

Amino acids and their derivatives belong to a compound containing both amino group and carboxyl group. They are presented in both the form of free-state and bound-state in vivo. Free amino acids are distributed in all kinds of animal cells and body fluids with the bound amino acids being the mainly basic components of proteins and peptides.

Natural amino acids act as colorless crystalline materials with relatively high melting points being mostly above 200 ℃. They are usually soluble in water but insoluble in non-polar organic solvents. However, tyrosine and cystine are insoluble in water; proline and hydroxyl proline are soluble in ethanol and ether. All amino acids are soluble in strong acid and alkali solution.

According to the polar characterization of the R group of the side chain of the α-amino acid; those 20 common amino acids that constitute protein can be divided into four groups:
① Amino acids with R group being non-polar; There are 8 kinds in total, wherein five kinds have aliphatic side chains, namely alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine and proline; two kinds are aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine and tryptophan; one kind belongs to sulfur-containing amino acid, namely methionine; amino acids belonging to this group have lower water solubility than polar R-group amino acid; proline is generally different with α-amino acid, it is formed through the substitution of one hydrogen atom of the amino acid with the side chains of the α- amino acid, belonging actually to imino acid.
② Amino acids with polar but non-charged R group; There are seven kinds in total, namely serine, threonine and tyrosine with R group having hydroxy group; cysteine with R group having a mercapto group of cysteine; glutamine and asparagine with R-group containing amide group, another amino acid is glycine ; glycine molecule has no R group, but having certain polarity, and thus being classified into this group; the side chains in this group of amino acid contain unassociated polar groups and can form hydrogen bonds with water, and is easily soluble in water.
③Amino acids with R group being positively charged amino acids. There are three kinds in total, namely, lysine, arginine, and histidine; they carry positive charge at pH7.0 and are also known as alkaline amino acids.
④Amino acids with R group being negatively charged. There are two kinds in total, namely glutamate and aspartate; at pH7.0, the molecules are negatively charged, also known as acidic amino acids. The formula, abbreviations symbols and related constants of 20 kinds of amino acid structures can be seen from the table. In addition to the 20 common amino acids mentioned above, there are also diiodotyrosine, thyroxine, hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine existing in certain proteins. In addition to amino acids involved in protein composition, it has been also found of more than 200 kinds of other kinds amino acids in a variety of tissues and cells; these amino acids are mostly derivatives of those α- amino acid composition of proteins.

However, there are some β-, γ- or δ- amino acids and some amino acids belong to D-type amino acids such as [beta]-alanine, [gamma]-aminobutyric acid and the phenylalanine contained in the antibiotics gramicidin-S, the D-alanine and D-glutamate contained in Gram-positive bacteria cell wall. Some non-protein amino acids can act as metabolically important precursors or intermediates, wherein β-alanine is the precursors of vitamin pantothenic acid; ornithine, and citrulline are the precursors in the synthesis of arginine; [gamma]-aminobutyric acid is the chemical neurotransmitter. Plants contain a large amount of non-protein amino acids, belonging to plant secondary substances, such as theanine, canavanine, djenkolic acid, β- Cyanoalanine and so on.

In addition to 20 kinds of amino acids found in the body and animal protein products, it has been found of nearly 200 kinds of other kinds of amino acids in nature. Most of them have been discovered in the plant kingdom and have complex molecular structures with no relation with the protein metabolism. There have been less that have been seen in the animal kingdom with some of them being originated from the chemical modification of certain incorporated amino acids in the specific proteins, for example, the proline and lysine contained in collagen protein are often partially subject to re-hydroxylation of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine; Another example is that there are often a small amount of lysine and histidine contained in actin and myosin protein containing hypermethylated εN methyl-lysine and 3N-histidine; it has been also found in the histone protein that the ∈ amino group contained in lysine is acetylated and the OH group in the serine is phosphorylated; thyroglobulin contains iodinated tyrosine and thyronine iodide; The heavy chain of τ myosin and the N-terminal of certain proteins contain pyroglutamate formed by glutamine; there also exists the cystine constituting of two cysteine molecules in the general protein.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
FMOC-4-PIPERIDINO-L-PROLINE FMOC-4-PIPERIDINO-L-PROLINE 204318-02-5 C25H28N2O4
ETHYL D-HOMOALANINATE HCL
ETHYL D-HOMOALANINATE HCL C6H14ClNO2
L-2,6-Dichlorophenylalanine L-2,6-Dichlorophenylalanine 111119-37-0 C9H9Cl2NO2
5-Isopropyl hydantoin 5-Isopropyl hydantoin C6H10N2O2
L-Histidine-α-ketoglutarate L-Histidine-α-ketoglutarate C11H15N3O7
Chromium Methionine Chromium Methionine C15H30CrN3O6S3
D-Alanine, 3-[(phenylmethyl)amino]- D-Alanine, 3-[(phenylmethyl)amino]- 119906-14-8 C10H14N2O2
D-HOMOARGININE D-HOMOARGININE 110798-13-5 C7H16N4O2
MANGANESE AMINO ACID MANGANESE AMINO ACID
Cyclopropylalanine Cyclopropylalanine 15785-52-1 C6H11NO2
1-propionylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid 1-propionylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid 59785-64-7 C8H13NO3
7-BROMO-D-TRYPTOPHAN 7-BROMO-D-TRYPTOPHAN 496929-99-8 C11H11BrN2O2
N-[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-valine 2-[(2-amino-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-9H-purin-9-yl)methoxy]-3-(formyloxy)propyl ester N-[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-valine 2-[(2-amino-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-9H-purin-9-yl)methoxy]-3-(formyloxy)propyl ester 194159-19-8 C23H28N6O8
78663-07-7 78663-07-7 78663-07-7
L-alanyl-acetophenylalanine.hydrochloride(L-Ala-PAP-OH.HCl) L-alanyl-acetophenylalanine.hydrochloride(L-Ala-PAP-OH.HCl)
3,4-Dichloro-DL-phenylalanine 3,4-Dichloro-DL-phenylalanine 59331-63-4 C9H9Cl2NO2
DL-Propargylglycine DL-Propargylglycine 16900-57-5 C5H8ClNO2
N-(2-Bromo-3-oxospiro[3.5]non-1-en-1-yl)-4-(2,7-naphthyridin-1-ylamino)-L-phenylalanine N-(2-Bromo-3-oxospiro[3.5]non-1-en-1-yl)-4-(2,7-naphthyridin-1-ylamino)-L-phenylalanine 455264-31-0 C26H25BrN4O3
Boc-D-beta-homo-2,4,5-Trifluorophenylalanine Boc-D-beta-homo-2,4,5-Trifluorophenylalanine
Boc-L-2-AMP Boc-L-2-AMP
D-(3-Thi)-Gly D-(3-Thi)-Gly
Fmoc-L-2-AMP(Boc) Fmoc-L-2-AMP(Boc)
Fmoc-L-m-Tyr(OAllyl) Fmoc-L-m-Tyr(OAllyl)
L-(3-Thi)-Gly L-(3-Thi)-Gly
3-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97% 3-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97%
3,3,3-Trifluoroalanine ethyl ester hydrochloride 3,3,3-Trifluoroalanine ethyl ester hydrochloride 193140-71-5 C5H8F3NO2.HCl
N-α-Methyl-D-Threonine N-α-Methyl-D-Threonine
Boc-Phe-Tyr-OH Boc-Phe-Tyr-OH
Cbz-D-tert-leucine.DCHA Cbz-D-tert-leucine.DCHA
N-α-methyl-L-Phenylalanine N-α-methyl-L-Phenylalanine
L-Aspartate-4-semialdehyde L-Aspartate-4-semialdehyde 2338-03-6 C4H7NO3
L-Cysteine, methyl ester, acetate (ester) (9CI) L-Cysteine, methyl ester, acetate (ester) (9CI) 89584-69-0 C6H11NO3S
N-[4-(Methylamino)benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid zinc salt N-[4-(Methylamino)benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid zinc salt 66104-81-2 C13H14N2O5Zn
N-Acetyl-glycine-15N N-Acetyl-glycine-15N 1449-79-2 C4H7NO3
Arginine Dextrose Agar Arginine Dextrose Agar
(-)-3-oxetanylglycine methyl ester (-)-3-oxetanylglycine methyl ester 394653-44-2 C6H11NO3
2,5-Dihydroxyphenyla 2,5-Dihydroxyphenyla
β-hydroxyaspartic ac β-hydroxyaspartic ac
H-D-Arg(Tos)-OBzl.TosOH H-D-Arg(Tos)-OBzl.TosOH
H-Har-OMe.2HCL H-Har-OMe.2HCL 56217-34-6 C8H20Cl2N4O2
H-D-ORN(Z)-OH H-D-ORN(Z)-OH 16937-91-0 C13H18N2O4
Dodecanamide, 3-?hydroxy-?N-?(tetrahydro-?2-?oxo-?3-?furanyl)?- Dodecanamide, 3-?hydroxy-?N-?(tetrahydro-?2-?oxo-?3-?furanyl)?- 182359-60-0 C16H29NO4
2,3-Difluoro-4-Methoxy-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97% 2,3-Difluoro-4-Methoxy-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97%
trans-N-Boc-4-(2-Methylbenzyl)-L-proline, 95% trans-N-Boc-4-(2-Methylbenzyl)-L-proline, 95% C18H25NO4
3-Fluoro-2-Methoxy-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97% 3-Fluoro-2-Methoxy-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97%
2-Chloro-6-fluoro-3-Methoxy-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97% 2-Chloro-6-fluoro-3-Methoxy-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97%
trans-N-Boc-4-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-L-proline, 95% trans-N-Boc-4-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-L-proline, 95% C17H21Cl2NO4
trans-N-Boc-4-(2-chlorobenzyl)-L-proline, 95% trans-N-Boc-4-(2-chlorobenzyl)-L-proline, 95% C17H22ClNO4
6-Chloro-2-fluoro-3-Methoxy-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97% 6-Chloro-2-fluoro-3-Methoxy-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97%
trans-4-(3-Nitrobenzyl)-L-proline hydrochloride, 95% trans-4-(3-Nitrobenzyl)-L-proline hydrochloride, 95% C12H15ClN2O4
trans-N-Boc-4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-L-proline, 95% trans-N-Boc-4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-L-proline, 95% C17H22FNO4
N,N-diMethyl-3-thienylglycine N,N-diMethyl-3-thienylglycine C8H11NO2S
2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine-3',5'-dibenzoate 2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine-3',5'-dibenzoate 147-87-5 C23H19F2N3O6
10294-18-5 10294-18-5 10294-18-5
N-Butadecanoyl-D-phenylalanine N-Butadecanoyl-D-phenylalanine 272123-01-0 C23H37NO3
N-Butadecanoyl-D-valine sodiuM salt N-Butadecanoyl-D-valine sodiuM salt
N-Octadecanoyl-D-phenylalanine N-Octadecanoyl-D-phenylalanine 1248347-73-0 C27H45NO3
N-Octadecanoyl-D-valine sodiuM salt N-Octadecanoyl-D-valine sodiuM salt C23H44NNaO3
sodiuM Myristoyl glycine sodiuM Myristoyl glycine C16H30NNaO3
N-Maleoyl L-glutaMic Acid N-Maleoyl L-glutaMic Acid C9H11NO7
(2S,4S)-1-tert-butyl 2-Methyl 4-(benzoylo×y)pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarbo×ylate (2S,4S)-1-tert-butyl 2-Methyl 4-(benzoylo×y)pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarbo×ylate 121147-94-2 C18H23NO6
N^w-AMino-L-arginine hydrochloride, 97% N^w-AMino-L-arginine hydrochloride, 97%
N-(2,3,5,6-TetraMethylphenylsulfonyl)leucine, 96%, Mixture of enantioMers N-(2,3,5,6-TetraMethylphenylsulfonyl)leucine, 96%, Mixture of enantioMers C16H25NO4S
(R)-2-AMino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanaMide hydrochloride (R)-2-AMino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanaMide hydrochloride 117888-79-6 C9H13ClN2O2
PHENYLALANINE AGAR PHENYLALANINE AGAR
L-THREONINOL L-THREONINOL 515-93-5 C4H11NO2
N-3-5-DINITROBENZOYL-DL-PHENYLGLYCINE N-3-5-DINITROBENZOYL-DL-PHENYLGLYCINE 74958-71-7 C15H11N3O7
DL-GLUTAMIC ACID MONOHYDROCHLORIDE DL-GLUTAMIC ACID MONOHYDROCHLORIDE C5H10ClNO4
(S)-2-METHYLCYSTEINE HYDROCHLORIDE (S)-2-METHYLCYSTEINE HYDROCHLORIDE 151062-55-4 C4H10ClNO2S
CALCIUM GLYCINATE CALCIUM GLYCINATE C4H8CaN2O4
Z-D-PHE-NH2 Z-D-PHE-NH2 7376-90-1 C11H14N2O2
SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE 12768-45-5 C12H25NaO4S
OMEGA-GRAMMOTOXIN SIA OMEGA-GRAMMOTOXIN SIA 152617-90-8 C177H268N52O50S6
(S)-(+)-2-AMINO-2-(4-TERT-BUTYLPHENYL)ETHANOL (S)-(+)-2-AMINO-2-(4-TERT-BUTYLPHENYL)ETHANOL 191109-50-9 C12H19NO
5-oxo-DL-proline, compound with L-arginine (1:1) 5-oxo-DL-proline, compound with L-arginine (1:1) 64855-91-0 C11H21N5O5
sodium hydrogen N-(1-oxooctadecyl)-L-glutamate sodium hydrogen N-(1-oxooctadecyl)-L-glutamate 38517-23-6 C23H44NNaO5
N-(1-oxododecyl)-L-glutamic acid, compound with 2,2',2''-nitrilotrisethanol (1:1) N-(1-oxododecyl)-L-glutamic acid, compound with 2,2',2''-nitrilotrisethanol (1:1) 53576-49-1 C23H46N2O8
DL-Alany-DL-serine DL-Alany-DL-serine C6H12N2O4
DL-Glutamic acid-1-14C DL-Glutamic acid-1-14C C5H9NO4
N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)glycine N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)glycine C8H9NO3
Anti-NR2A (Glutamate receptor2A) Anti-NR2A (Glutamate receptor2A)
Antibody to BTK(Monoclonal Antibody to BTK) Antibody to BTK(Monoclonal Antibody to BTK)
Rabbit anti-HisX6/HRP Rabbit anti-HisX6/HRP
Decyline Decyline C10H21NO2
D-Arginine ethyl ester hydrochloride D-Arginine ethyl ester hydrochloride C8H19ClN4O2
DL-hydroxylysine DL-hydroxylysine C6H14N2O3
Phenylglycine dane salt Phenylglycine dane salt
Dihydrophenylglycine dane salt Dihydrophenylglycine dane salt
COCOYL GLUTAMIC ACID COCOYL GLUTAMIC ACID
PHENYLALANINE PHENYLALANINE 62056-68-2 C9H11NO2
L-4-Hydroxyisoleucine L-4-Hydroxyisoleucine 6001-78-8 C6H13NO3
L-Glutamine-α-ketoglutarate L-Glutamine-α-ketoglutarate C10H16N2O8
(TRANS)-4-PHENYL-L-PROLINE,MONOHYDROCHLORIDE SALT (TRANS)-4-PHENYL-L-PROLINE,MONOHYDROCHLORIDE SALT
N-Cbz-D-Phenylalanine N-Cbz-D-Phenylalanine C17H17NO4
D-4-TrifluoroMethylphe D-4-TrifluoroMethylphe
AC-LYS-OME HCL AC-LYS-OME HCL 20911-93-7 C9H19ClN2O3
Bendazac Lysine Impurity A Bendazac Lysine Impurity A
ABRINE, L-(P) ABRINE, L-(P)
3-Pyridinecarboxylicacid,5-(methylamino)-(9CI) 3-Pyridinecarboxylicacid,5-(methylamino)-(9CI) 91702-88-4 C7H8N2O2
L-TRYPTOPHANOL OXALATE L-TRYPTOPHANOL OXALATE 2899-30-1 C13H16N2O5
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