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     Western blot analysis using ESR1 mouse mAb against MCF-7 (1), T47D (2) and SKBR3 (3) cell lysate.    

  
  

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     Immunofluorescence analysis of Hela cells using ESR1 mouse mAb (green). Red: Actin filaments have been labeled with Alexa Fluor-555 phalloidin.    

  
  

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     Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human mammary cancer tissues using ESR1 mouse mAb with DAB staining.    

  
  

The estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, mediates estrogen signaling and regulates gene expression involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and homeostasis. As a ligand-activated transcription factor, ESR1 binds estrogen, undergoes conformational changes, and interacts with DNA response elements or other transcription factors to modulate target genes. It contains two critical domains: a DNA-binding domain and a ligand-binding domain. Dysregulation of ESR1 is implicated in hormone-dependent cancers, particularly breast cancer, where ESR1-positive tumors account for ~70% of cases and guide therapeutic strategies like endocrine therapy (e.g., tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors).

ESR1 antibodies are essential tools for research and diagnostics. They detect ESR1 expression in tissues (e.g., immunohistochemistry for breast cancer subtyping), assess receptor status in clinical samples, and study molecular mechanisms in diseases. Common applications include Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Antibodies targeting specific ESR1 epitopes (e.g., phosphorylated residues) help investigate post-translational modifications linked to therapy resistance. Clinically, ESR1 mutations (e.g., Y537S, D538G) are biomarkers for endocrine resistance, and antibodies aid in detecting these variants. Recent advancements include highly specific monoclonal antibodies for improved diagnostic accuracy and research reproducibility. However, variability in antibody performance underscores the need for rigorous validation in experimental and clinical settings.