The DNASE1 antibody targets deoxyribonuclease I (DNASE1), a calcium/magnesium-dependent endonuclease that cleaves DNA into oligonucleotides, primarily involved in chromatin degradation during apoptosis and the clearance of extracellular DNA. DNASE1 plays a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance by digesting cell-free DNA released from apoptotic cells, preventing aberrant immune activation. Dysregulation of DNASE1 activity is linked to autoimmune diseases, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), where reduced DNASE1 function may contribute to the accumulation of self-DNA, triggering autoantibody production. Anti-DNASE1 antibodies, often detected in SLE patients, are associated with disease activity and renal involvement. These antibodies may inhibit DNASE1 enzymatic activity, exacerbating pathogenic DNA persistence. Research on DNASE1 antibodies also explores their diagnostic utility, as their presence correlates with specific clinical manifestations. Additionally, DNASE1 is studied in cancer biology, where its role in degrading neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) influences metastasis and thrombosis. The development of DNASE1-specific antibodies aids in elucidating its molecular interactions, tissue distribution, and pathological mechanisms, offering potential therapeutic targets for autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.