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Ceramics International

Ceramics International

IF: 5.6
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3D-printed triply periodic minimal surface bioceramic scaffold for bone defect treatment with tunable structure and mechanical properties

Published:20 July 2024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.07.268
Danni Luo , Jin Su , Yi Zou , Shuaibin Hua , Lijin Cheng , Dahu Qi , Xi Yuan , Hao Zhu , Changyu Liu , Yusheng Shi , Jun Xiao

Abstract

Due to their biocompatibility and wear resistance, ceramic materials have gained significant attention as excellent options to meet the growing demand for scaffolds in bone-defect treatment. However, current ceramic materials suffer from high hardness and unfavorable structure for the flow of body fluids, thus requiring the design of porous scaffolds. In this study, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), hydroxyapatite (HA), and 45S5 Bioglass? (BG) were selected to prepare scaffolds with the gyroid structure using digital light processing (DLP) technology. Then the scaffolds' surface, structure, mechanical properties, and biological performance were characterized. The results verified that gyroid structures with different porosity could be well tailored by adjusting the original functions, meanwhile the details of the models were preserved during the DLP printing and sintering process. In addition, different shrinkage patterns were observed, with microscale shrinkage being larger than macroscale shrinkage. There was an excessive increase in the material width after the curing process, but the structure thickness decreased during the sintering phase. Notably, the elastic modulus increased as the porosity of the scaffold decreased. During the sintering process, the BG underwent crystallization reactions, while the HA experienced decomposition. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the scaffolds exhibited no toxicity and displayed excellent biocompatibility, making them suitable for cell growth and adhesion. And the ability of the scaffolds to promote cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation was better with the increase in porosity. Besides, the newly formed bone tissue within the scaffold exhibited characteristics similar to cortical bone, both after 3 and 6 months in vivo. This study showed that the gyroid scaffold with high porosity (65.67?%) has a remarkable capacity to promote cortical bone healing and holds great promises in the future treatment of bone defects.

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