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BMC Medicine

BMC Medicine

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Disability in mitochondrial aerobic metabolism and Mg2+ transport: linking biomarkers and mechanisms of ischemic heart disease to diesel particulate matter exposure

Published:1 July 2025 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-025-04212-w PMID: 40598160
Ze Zhang,?Gan Miao,?Juan Ma,?Ziyuan Li,?Chuer Zheng,?Jian Ding,?Hao Yin,?Xiangcheng Cui,?Shoujie Dai,?Rifat Zubair Ahmed,?Yong Niu,?Shanfa Yu,?Xiaoting Jin,?Yuxin Zheng

Abstract

Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a major cardiovascular health concern. In addition to metabolic and behavioral risks, diesel particulate matter (DPM), with a widely exposed population, is an important external environmental risk factor for IHD. However, the effect biomarkers used to diagnose DPM-caused IHD and underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We investigated the biomarkers and underlying mechanisms of DPM in relation to myocardial hypoxia injury.

Methods: This study applied a unique population of diesel engine testers with stable DPM exposure. Electrocardiogram examination, echocardiogram examination, serum levels of myocardial enzymes, and 6-min walking test were used for the myocardial risks assessment. A mouse model exposed to occupational environmental DPM dose and in vitro models of DPM-induced myocardial hypoxia injury were used for assessment of mitochondrial aerobic metabolism via the oxygraph-2k system, western blotting, and kits. Ion fluorescence probes, ion supplements, and mitochondrial RNA splicing protein 2 (Mrs2) overexpression transfection were used in further investigations and verifications of the mechanism of mitochondrial Mg2+ deficiency.

Results: We identified compromised myocardial mitochondrial aerobic metabolism as a precursor biomarker for the cardiac risk of myocardial hypertrophy and hypoxia injury in DPM exposure. DPM induce mitochondrial Mg2+ deficiency of cardiomyocytes, which in turn disrupt the mitochondrial aerobic metabolism processes, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP synthesis. Mg2+ deficiency is mediated by the disruption of Mg2+ transport proteins, such as DPM-enhanced hyperubiquitination and degradation of Mrs2, a protein responsible for mitochondrial Mg2+ uptake.

Conclusions: Our findings show that compromised mitochondrial aerobic metabolism, associated with Mg2+ deficiency, serves as a critical biomarker for DPM-induced IHD and represents a promising investigative avenue for intervention.

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