The use of traditional chemical catalysis to produce chemicals has a series of drawbacks, such as high dependence on fossil resources, high energy consumption, and environmental pollution. With the development of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, the use of renewable biomass raw materials for chemicals synthesis by constructing efficient microbial cell factories is a green way to replace traditional chemical catalysis and traditional microbial fermentation. This review mainly summarizes several types of bulk chemicals and high value-added chemicals using metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies to achieve efficient microbial production. In addition, this review also summarizes several strategies for effectively regulating microbial cell metabolism. These strategies can achieve the coupling balance of material and energy by regulating intracellular material metabolism or energy metabolism, and promote the efficient production of target chemicals by microorganisms.