3-Deoxyglucosone (80 ng/ml-1000 ng/ml; 1 hour) markedly increases GLP-1 secretion by 1.23-folds in 300?ng/ml or 1000?ng/ml 3DG-treated group. But at alower concentration (80?ng/ml) has no effects.3-Deoxyglucosone (300 ng/ml; 1 hour) dramatically increases intracellular Ca ²⁺ levels by Fluo-3/AM determination (2.5?μM for 30 mins). But 3DG does not affect intracellular cAMP levels in a cAMP Elisa assay.3-Deoxyglucosone (300 ng/ml; 1 hour) significantly increases the protein expression levels of TAS1R2, TAS1R3, and TRPM5 under both glucose-free and highconditions.

3-Deoxyglucosone (intragastric administration; 20 mg/kg; single dose)?impairs glucose tolerance with increased AUC, but the plasma glucagon levels are not significantly different. It developes impaired glucose regulation (IGR) with obviously pancreatic islet cell dysfunction in kunming mice and SD-rats.3-deoxyglucosone?(gastric gavage; 5-50 mg/kg; once daily; 2 weeks) is significantly increased in the upper small intestine (1.4-fold), lower small intestine (1.4-fold), ileum (1.4-fold) and colon (two fold) compared with the basal levels in the corresponding control group. In addition, the protein expressions of TAS1R2, TAS1R3 and TRPM5 in both duodenum and colon are significantly decreased.