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Amino Acids and Derivatives

Amino acids and their derivatives belong to a compound containing both amino group and carboxyl group. They are presented in both the form of free-state and bound-state in vivo. Free amino acids are distributed in all kinds of animal cells and body fluids with the bound amino acids being the mainly basic components of proteins and peptides.

Natural amino acids act as colorless crystalline materials with relatively high melting points being mostly above 200 ℃. They are usually soluble in water but insoluble in non-polar organic solvents. However, tyrosine and cystine are insoluble in water; proline and hydroxyl proline are soluble in ethanol and ether. All amino acids are soluble in strong acid and alkali solution.

According to the polar characterization of the R group of the side chain of the α-amino acid; those 20 common amino acids that constitute protein can be divided into four groups:
① Amino acids with R group being non-polar; There are 8 kinds in total, wherein five kinds have aliphatic side chains, namely alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine and proline; two kinds are aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine and tryptophan; one kind belongs to sulfur-containing amino acid, namely methionine; amino acids belonging to this group have lower water solubility than polar R-group amino acid; proline is generally different with α-amino acid, it is formed through the substitution of one hydrogen atom of the amino acid with the side chains of the α- amino acid, belonging actually to imino acid.
② Amino acids with polar but non-charged R group; There are seven kinds in total, namely serine, threonine and tyrosine with R group having hydroxy group; cysteine with R group having a mercapto group of cysteine; glutamine and asparagine with R-group containing amide group, another amino acid is glycine ; glycine molecule has no R group, but having certain polarity, and thus being classified into this group; the side chains in this group of amino acid contain unassociated polar groups and can form hydrogen bonds with water, and is easily soluble in water.
③Amino acids with R group being positively charged amino acids. There are three kinds in total, namely, lysine, arginine, and histidine; they carry positive charge at pH7.0 and are also known as alkaline amino acids.
④Amino acids with R group being negatively charged. There are two kinds in total, namely glutamate and aspartate; at pH7.0, the molecules are negatively charged, also known as acidic amino acids. The formula, abbreviations symbols and related constants of 20 kinds of amino acid structures can be seen from the table. In addition to the 20 common amino acids mentioned above, there are also diiodotyrosine, thyroxine, hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine existing in certain proteins. In addition to amino acids involved in protein composition, it has been also found of more than 200 kinds of other kinds amino acids in a variety of tissues and cells; these amino acids are mostly derivatives of those α- amino acid composition of proteins.

However, there are some β-, γ- or δ- amino acids and some amino acids belong to D-type amino acids such as [beta]-alanine, [gamma]-aminobutyric acid and the phenylalanine contained in the antibiotics gramicidin-S, the D-alanine and D-glutamate contained in Gram-positive bacteria cell wall. Some non-protein amino acids can act as metabolically important precursors or intermediates, wherein β-alanine is the precursors of vitamin pantothenic acid; ornithine, and citrulline are the precursors in the synthesis of arginine; [gamma]-aminobutyric acid is the chemical neurotransmitter. Plants contain a large amount of non-protein amino acids, belonging to plant secondary substances, such as theanine, canavanine, djenkolic acid, β- Cyanoalanine and so on.

In addition to 20 kinds of amino acids found in the body and animal protein products, it has been found of nearly 200 kinds of other kinds of amino acids in nature. Most of them have been discovered in the plant kingdom and have complex molecular structures with no relation with the protein metabolism. There have been less that have been seen in the animal kingdom with some of them being originated from the chemical modification of certain incorporated amino acids in the specific proteins, for example, the proline and lysine contained in collagen protein are often partially subject to re-hydroxylation of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine; Another example is that there are often a small amount of lysine and histidine contained in actin and myosin protein containing hypermethylated εN methyl-lysine and 3N-histidine; it has been also found in the histone protein that the ∈ amino group contained in lysine is acetylated and the OH group in the serine is phosphorylated; thyroglobulin contains iodinated tyrosine and thyronine iodide; The heavy chain of τ myosin and the N-terminal of certain proteins contain pyroglutamate formed by glutamine; there also exists the cystine constituting of two cysteine molecules in the general protein.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
N-Butadecanoyl-L-phenylglycine N-Butadecanoyl-L-phenylglycine 753018-30-3 C22H35NO3
N-Octadecanoyl-D-phenylalanine sodiuM salt N-Octadecanoyl-D-phenylalanine sodiuM salt C27H44NNaO3
N-Octadecanoyl-L-alanine N-Octadecanoyl-L-alanine 14246-60-7 C21H41NO3
2,6-Dihydroxyphenyla 2,6-Dihydroxyphenyla
L-Lysine S-Carboxyme L-Lysine S-Carboxyme
β-hydroxyglutamic ac β-hydroxyglutamic ac
H-D-N-Me-Leu-OH H-D-N-Me-Leu-OH
L-Hyp-obzl·TosoH L-Hyp-obzl·TosoH
2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-propionic acid hydrochloride 2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-propionic acid hydrochloride C10H14ClNO4
2-(diethoxyMethyl)-5,6-difluoro-1H-benzo[d]iMidazole 2-(diethoxyMethyl)-5,6-difluoro-1H-benzo[d]iMidazole 958863-36-0 C12H14F2N2O2
BOC-Glu(OME)2 BOC-Glu(OME)2
trans-N-Boc-4-(2-propynyl)-L-proline, 95% trans-N-Boc-4-(2-propynyl)-L-proline, 95% C13H19NO4
trans-N-Boc-4-[2-(trifluoroMethyl)benzyl]-L-proline, 95% trans-N-Boc-4-[2-(trifluoroMethyl)benzyl]-L-proline, 95% C18H22F3NO4
4-Fluoro-3,5-diMethyl-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97% 4-Fluoro-3,5-diMethyl-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97%
N-Methyl-L-glutamine N-Methyl-L-glutamine C6H12N2O3
N-Acetyl-DL-serine-15N N-Acetyl-DL-serine-15N 1012312-92-3 C5H9NO4
N-(Phenylsulfonyl)glycine Methyl Ester N-(Phenylsulfonyl)glycine Methyl Ester 69398-48-7 C9H11NO4S
(+/-)-3-oxetanylglycine methyl ester (+/-)-3-oxetanylglycine methyl ester 394653-40-8 C6H11NO3
Fmoc-L-2,4,6-trimethylphenylalanine Fmoc-L-2,4,6-trimethylphenylalanine C27H27NO4
DL-4-Hydroxyphenylglycine methyl ester hydrochloride DL-4-Hydroxyphenylglycine methyl ester hydrochloride 56405-21-1 C9H11NO3
Fmoc-Hyp-OBz Fmoc-Hyp-OBz 439290-35-4 C27H25NO5
1-Methylprrolidine-2-carboxylic acid hydrochloride 1-Methylprrolidine-2-carboxylic acid hydrochloride 30727-22-1 C6H12ClNO2
ZINC ASPARTATE ZINC ASPARTATE C8H12N2O8Zn
DL-ERYTHRO-3-PHENYLSERINE DL-ERYTHRO-3-PHENYLSERINE 2584-74-9 C9H11NO3
BOC-D-METHIONINE DICYCLOHEXYLAMINE SALT BOC-D-METHIONINE DICYCLOHEXYLAMINE SALT 61315-59-1 C22H42N2O4S
H-Tyr(Propargyl)-OH H-Tyr(Propargyl)-OH 1080496-42-9 C12H13NO2
N-TRITYLGLYCINE METHYL ESTER N-TRITYLGLYCINE METHYL ESTER 10065-71-1 C22H21NO2
(S)-3-AMINO-2-OXETANONE TETRAFLUOROBORATE (S)-3-AMINO-2-OXETANONE TETRAFLUOROBORATE 403655-97-0 C3H6BF4NO2
MAGNESIUM GLUTAMATE MAGNESIUM GLUTAMATE C5H7MgNO4
5-AMINO-2-NITROBENZOIC ACID 5-AMINO-2-NITROBENZOIC ACID 132080-60-5 C20H24O3
1-CBZ-4(R)-HYDROXYPYRROLIDINE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID ETHYL ESTER 1-CBZ-4(R)-HYDROXYPYRROLIDINE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID ETHYL ESTER 103667-57-8 C15H19NO5
methyl D-serinate methyl D-serinate 24184-43-8 C4H9NO3
Glycine-o-cresol red Glycine-o-cresol red C27H28N2O9S
Nα-2,4-DNP-L-histidine Nα-2,4-DNP-L-histidine C12H11N5O6
L-Glutamylglycine L-Glutamylglycine C7H12N2O5
WNK4(Ser/Thr-protein kinase WNK4; protein kinase with no lysine 4; protein kinase, lysine –dficient 4) WNK4(Ser/Thr-protein kinase WNK4; protein kinase with no lysine 4; protein kinase, lysine –dficient 4)
NR2A (Glutamate receptor2A) NR2A (Glutamate receptor2A)
3-Amino-4-(Trifluoromethyl)Benzoic Acid 3-Amino-4-(Trifluoromethyl)Benzoic Acid 4857-33-4 C8H6F3NO2
D-Lysine ethyl ester hydrochloride D-Lysine ethyl ester hydrochloride C8H19ClN2O2
L-δ-HYDROXYLYSINE L-δ-HYDROXYLYSINE C6H13N2O3
β-thiolisoleucine β-thiolisoleucine C6H13NO2S
L-Propargyl-cysteine L-Propargyl-cysteine C6H9NO2S
Ethyl N-(6-amino-2.3-dichlorobenzyl)glycine Ethyl N-(6-amino-2.3-dichlorobenzyl)glycine C11H14Cl2N2O2
Fmoc-Glu(OBzl)-OH Fmoc-Glu(OBzl)-OH 132639-61-2
D-3-TRIFLUOROMETHYLPHENYLALANINE D-3-TRIFLUOROMETHYLPHENYLALANINE 82317-79-1 C10H11ClF3NO2
Benzoic acid, 4-amino-2,6-difluoro-, methyl ester (9CI) Benzoic acid, 4-amino-2,6-difluoro-, methyl ester (9CI) 191478-99-6 C8H7F2NO2
2-AMINO-3-CHLORO-5-(TRIFLUOROMETHOXY)BENZOIC ACID METHYL ESTER 2-AMINO-3-CHLORO-5-(TRIFLUOROMETHOXY)BENZOIC ACID METHYL ESTER 1003708-08-4 C9H7ClF3NO3
Aluminium chloride glycinate Aluminium chloride glycinate C6H12Al2Cl3N3O6
Amino-(3-chloro-phenyl)-acetic acid Amino-(3-chloro-phenyl)-acetic acid C8H8ClNO2
Aluminium zirconium glycin nitric acid hydration Aluminium zirconium glycin nitric acid hydration
N-Isopropyl-5-methoxytryptamine N-Isopropyl-5-methoxytryptamine 109921-55-3 C14H20N2O
[des-gly10, d-ala6]-lh-rh ethylamide acetate hydrate [des-gly10, d-ala6]-lh-rh ethylamide acetate hydrate 52435-06-0 C56H78N16O12
1-Pyrrolidinecarboxylicacid,3-amino-4-hydroxy-,1,1-dimethylethylester,(3R,4R)-(9CI) 1-Pyrrolidinecarboxylicacid,3-amino-4-hydroxy-,1,1-dimethylethylester,(3R,4R)-(9CI) 330681-18-0 C9H18N2O3
diglycyl-histidine diglycyl-histidine 7451-76-5 C10H15N5O4
Asp-OBzl Asp-OBzl C11H13NO4
D-Histidine methyl ester hydrochloride D-Histidine methyl ester hydrochloride C7H12ClN3O2
Leu-OMe Leu-OMe
L-trans-Hydroxyproline L-trans-Hydroxyproline C5H9NO3
L-Cysteine hydrochloride methyl ester L-Cysteine hydrochloride methyl ester C4H10ClNO2S
ALUMINUM HYDROGENATED TALLOW GLUTAMATE ALUMINUM HYDROGENATED TALLOW GLUTAMATE
CYSTEIC ACID CYSTEIC ACID 13100-82-8 C3H7NO5S
MAGNESIUM ACETYLMETHIONATE MAGNESIUM ACETYLMETHIONATE 105883-49-6 C14H24MgN2O6S2
PCA ETHYL COCOYL ARGINATE PCA ETHYL COCOYL ARGINATE
Fmoc-L-3-Cyanophenylalanine Fmoc-L-3-Cyanophenylalanine C25H20N2O4
Boc-D-Cysteine Boc-D-Cysteine C8H15NO4S
FA-ALA-ARG-OH FA-ALA-ARG-OH 76079-06-6 C16H23N5O5
N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASE N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASE C4H7NO3
2-Thiophenecarboxylicacid,3-amino-4-(1-methylethyl)-,methylester(9CI) 2-Thiophenecarboxylicacid,3-amino-4-(1-methylethyl)-,methylester(9CI) 221043-89-6 C9H13NO2S
4,4'-difluoro-1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid 4,4'-difluoro-1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid 85233-22-3 C22H22F2N2O10
glycyl-prolyl-glutamic acid glycyl-prolyl-glutamic acid 32302-76-4 C12H19N3O6
BZ-LYS-OH BZ-LYS-OH 366-74-5 C13H18N2O3
N,N-Dimethyl-D-Alanine N,N-Dimethyl-D-Alanine C5H11NO2
N-[(3beta)-3-Hydroxy-28-oxoolean-12-en-28-yl]-L-phenylalanine N-[(3beta)-3-Hydroxy-28-oxoolean-12-en-28-yl]-L-phenylalanine 851475-44-0 C39H57NO4
L-THREONINE BENZYL ESTER L-THREONINE BENZYL ESTER 33640-67-4 C11H15NO3
FMOC-DL-ISOSER-OH FMOC-DL-ISOSER-OH 161125-36-6 C18H17NO5
FITC-PHOSPHOTYRAMINE FITC-PHOSPHOTYRAMINE C29H22N2O6S
N-[(3beta)-3-Hydroxy-28-oxoolean-12-en-28-yl]-L-leucine N-[(3beta)-3-Hydroxy-28-oxoolean-12-en-28-yl]-L-leucine 851475-43-9 C36H59NO4
S-Methyl-D-Cys-OH S-Methyl-D-Cys-OH 66255-16-1 C4H9NO2S
D-THREONINE BENZYL ESTER D-THREONINE BENZYL ESTER 82679-58-1 C11H15NO3
tert-Butyl 2-hydrazinyl-2-oxoethylcarbamate tert-Butyl 2-hydrazinyl-2-oxoethylcarbamate C7H15N3O3
Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 1-amino-2-ethenyl-, ethyl ester, hydrochloride (1:1),(1R,2S)-rel- Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 1-amino-2-ethenyl-, ethyl ester, hydrochloride (1:1),(1R,2S)-rel- 259214-54-5 C8H13NO2.ClH
COMPOUND AMINO ACID POWDER+TE COMPOUND AMINO ACID POWDER+TE
LIQUID AMINO ACIDCONCENTRATION + TE LIQUID AMINO ACIDCONCENTRATION + TE
β-hydroxyleucine β-hydroxyleucine C6H13NO3
4-AMINO-2-METHYL-5-NITRO-BENZOIC ACID METHYL ESTER 4-AMINO-2-METHYL-5-NITRO-BENZOIC ACID METHYL ESTER 146948-44-9 C9H10N2O4
cis-2-  Amino-3-cyclopentene-1-carboxylic  acid  hydrochloride cis-2- Amino-3-cyclopentene-1-carboxylic acid hydrochloride 122022-92-8 C6H9NO2HCl
BZ-ORN-OH BZ-ORN-OH 17966-71-1 C12H16N2O3
CIS-ZHPROME CIS-ZHPROME 57653-35-7 C14H17NO5
FMOC-ASP(OALL)-OH FMOC-ASP(OALL)-OH 283170-10-5 C22H21NO6
N-[(Phenylmethoxy)acetyl]-L-phenylalanine N-[(Phenylmethoxy)acetyl]-L-phenylalanine 114457-96-4 C18H19NO4
N-[4-[[(2-Amino-5-formyl-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl]amino]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid disodium salt N-[4-[[(2-Amino-5-formyl-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl]amino]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid disodium salt 163254-40-8 C20H21N7Na2O7
6-Bromotryptophan methyl ester 6-Bromotryptophan methyl ester 774181-71-4 C12H13BrN2O2
3-(1-Naphthyl)-DL-alanineHCl 3-(1-Naphthyl)-DL-alanineHCl C13H14ClNO2
Boc-L-beta-Homo-Tyr(OBZl) Boc-L-beta-Homo-Tyr(OBZl)
D-N-Me-Ala-D-Leu-OBn-HCl D-N-Me-Ala-D-Leu-OBn-HCl
Fmoc-D-3-AMP Fmoc-D-3-AMP
Fmoc-L-beta-Homo-Tyr(OtBu) Fmoc-L-beta-Homo-Tyr(OtBu)
N-[(9H-Fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-isovaline N-[(9H-Fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-isovaline 857478-30-9 C20H21NO4
N-Carbamoylglutamic acid diethyl ester N-Carbamoylglutamic acid diethyl ester 911658-62-3 C10H18N2O5
3-(2-Pyridyl)-DL-alanine 3-(2-Pyridyl)-DL-alanine 98062-70-5 C8H10N2O2
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