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Amino Acids and Derivatives

Amino acids and their derivatives belong to a compound containing both amino group and carboxyl group. They are presented in both the form of free-state and bound-state in vivo. Free amino acids are distributed in all kinds of animal cells and body fluids with the bound amino acids being the mainly basic components of proteins and peptides.

Natural amino acids act as colorless crystalline materials with relatively high melting points being mostly above 200 ℃. They are usually soluble in water but insoluble in non-polar organic solvents. However, tyrosine and cystine are insoluble in water; proline and hydroxyl proline are soluble in ethanol and ether. All amino acids are soluble in strong acid and alkali solution.

According to the polar characterization of the R group of the side chain of the α-amino acid; those 20 common amino acids that constitute protein can be divided into four groups:
① Amino acids with R group being non-polar; There are 8 kinds in total, wherein five kinds have aliphatic side chains, namely alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine and proline; two kinds are aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine and tryptophan; one kind belongs to sulfur-containing amino acid, namely methionine; amino acids belonging to this group have lower water solubility than polar R-group amino acid; proline is generally different with α-amino acid, it is formed through the substitution of one hydrogen atom of the amino acid with the side chains of the α- amino acid, belonging actually to imino acid.
② Amino acids with polar but non-charged R group; There are seven kinds in total, namely serine, threonine and tyrosine with R group having hydroxy group; cysteine with R group having a mercapto group of cysteine; glutamine and asparagine with R-group containing amide group, another amino acid is glycine ; glycine molecule has no R group, but having certain polarity, and thus being classified into this group; the side chains in this group of amino acid contain unassociated polar groups and can form hydrogen bonds with water, and is easily soluble in water.
③Amino acids with R group being positively charged amino acids. There are three kinds in total, namely, lysine, arginine, and histidine; they carry positive charge at pH7.0 and are also known as alkaline amino acids.
④Amino acids with R group being negatively charged. There are two kinds in total, namely glutamate and aspartate; at pH7.0, the molecules are negatively charged, also known as acidic amino acids. The formula, abbreviations symbols and related constants of 20 kinds of amino acid structures can be seen from the table. In addition to the 20 common amino acids mentioned above, there are also diiodotyrosine, thyroxine, hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine existing in certain proteins. In addition to amino acids involved in protein composition, it has been also found of more than 200 kinds of other kinds amino acids in a variety of tissues and cells; these amino acids are mostly derivatives of those α- amino acid composition of proteins.

However, there are some β-, γ- or δ- amino acids and some amino acids belong to D-type amino acids such as [beta]-alanine, [gamma]-aminobutyric acid and the phenylalanine contained in the antibiotics gramicidin-S, the D-alanine and D-glutamate contained in Gram-positive bacteria cell wall. Some non-protein amino acids can act as metabolically important precursors or intermediates, wherein β-alanine is the precursors of vitamin pantothenic acid; ornithine, and citrulline are the precursors in the synthesis of arginine; [gamma]-aminobutyric acid is the chemical neurotransmitter. Plants contain a large amount of non-protein amino acids, belonging to plant secondary substances, such as theanine, canavanine, djenkolic acid, β- Cyanoalanine and so on.

In addition to 20 kinds of amino acids found in the body and animal protein products, it has been found of nearly 200 kinds of other kinds of amino acids in nature. Most of them have been discovered in the plant kingdom and have complex molecular structures with no relation with the protein metabolism. There have been less that have been seen in the animal kingdom with some of them being originated from the chemical modification of certain incorporated amino acids in the specific proteins, for example, the proline and lysine contained in collagen protein are often partially subject to re-hydroxylation of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine; Another example is that there are often a small amount of lysine and histidine contained in actin and myosin protein containing hypermethylated εN methyl-lysine and 3N-histidine; it has been also found in the histone protein that the ∈ amino group contained in lysine is acetylated and the OH group in the serine is phosphorylated; thyroglobulin contains iodinated tyrosine and thyronine iodide; The heavy chain of τ myosin and the N-terminal of certain proteins contain pyroglutamate formed by glutamine; there also exists the cystine constituting of two cysteine molecules in the general protein.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
α-Me-Phe(4-OCF<sub>3<sub>)-OH α-Me-Phe(4-OCF3)-OH 1269926-90-0 C11H12F3NO3
N-[N′-FMoc-(2′-aMinoethyl)]glycine N-[N′-FMoc-(2′-aMinoethyl)]glycine 172405-45-7 C19H20N2O4
(R)- 2-(3'-butenyl) glycine (R)- 2-(3'-butenyl) glycine 103067-78-3 C6H11NO2
N-Boc-4-fluoro-(R)-homophenylalanine N-Boc-4-fluoro-(R)-homophenylalanine 1217624-82-2 C15H20FNO4
methyl (R)-2-amino-3-(4-bromophenyl)propanoate hydrochloride methyl (R)-2-amino-3-(4-bromophenyl)propanoate hydrochloride 459133-43-8 C10H13BrClNO2
4-chloro- L-Phenylalanine, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester, hydrochloride 4-chloro- L-Phenylalanine, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester, hydrochloride 401791-64-8 C13H19Cl2NO2
D-Phenylalanine, 4-fluoro-, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester D-Phenylalanine, 4-fluoro-, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester 465538-48-1 C13H18FNO2
Z-PRO-LEU-GLY-OET Z-PRO-LEU-GLY-OET 7784-82-9 C23H33N3O6
3-(trifluoroacetamido)propanoic acid 3-(trifluoroacetamido)propanoic acid 50632-82-1 C5H6F3NO3
2,4-Difluoro-D-homophenylalanine 2,4-Difluoro-D-homophenylalanine 1260608-31-8 C10H11F2NO2
Fmoc-N-methyl-O-methyl-D-tyrosine Fmoc-N-methyl-O-methyl-D-tyrosine 193086-28-1 C26H25NO5
GLYCYLGLYCINE ETHYL ESTER HYDROCHLORIDE GLYCYLGLYCINE ETHYL ESTER HYDROCHLORIDE 2087-41-4 C6H13ClN2O3
Z-GLY-GLY-GLY-GLY-GLY-OH Z-GLY-GLY-GLY-GLY-GLY-OH 20228-72-2 C18H23N5O8
Fmoc-Trp(7-Cl)-OH Fmoc-Trp(7-Cl)-OH 2382374-53-8 C26H21ClN2O4
PS-PEG-SC PS-PEG-SC
H-D-3,4-DMP-OH H-D-3,4-DMP-OH 33605-56-0 C11H15NO4
GLYCINE-2-13C-15N GLYCINE-2-13C-15N 91795-59-4 C2H5NO2
H-D-TYR-VAL-GLY-OH H-D-TYR-VAL-GLY-OH 86030-52-6 C16H23N3O5
Diethyl acetamidomalonate Diethyl acetamidomalonate 1068-90-2 C9H15NO5
methyl (3,5-dihydroxypicolinoyl)glycinate methyl (3,5-dihydroxypicolinoyl)glycinate 1000025-95-5 C9H10N2O5
(2S)-2-AMINO-2-(3-BROMOPHENYL)ACETIC ACID (2S)-2-AMINO-2-(3-BROMOPHENYL)ACETIC ACID 2088419-03-6 C8H8BrNO2
IGF-1 DES IGF-1 DES
L-Ornithine, N5-[[[(2,3-dihydro-2,2,4,6,7-pentamethyl-5-benzofuranyl)sulfonyl]amino]iminomethyl]-N2-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-2-methyl- L-Ornithine, N5-[[[(2,3-dihydro-2,2,4,6,7-pentamethyl-5-benzofuranyl)sulfonyl]amino]iminomethyl]-N2-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-2-methyl- 2124196-74-1 C35H42N4O7S
Glycine, N-(3-cyclopentyl-1-oxopropyl)- Glycine, N-(3-cyclopentyl-1-oxopropyl)- 954272-16-3 C10H17NO3
Alanine Transaminase antibody Alanine Transaminase antibody
Recombinant Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Recombinant Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
Recombinant Alanine Aminotransferase 2 (ALT2) Recombinant Alanine Aminotransferase 2 (ALT2)
N-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-4-nitro-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester N-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-4-nitro-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester
L-4-BENZOYLPHENYLALANINE L-4-BENZOYLPHENYLALANINE 104504-45-2 C16H15NO3
L-Phenylalanine, 4-(6-methyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl)- L-Phenylalanine, 4-(6-methyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl)- 1698038-85-5 C12H13N5O2
BOC-LYS(BOC)-GLY-OH BOC-LYS(BOC)-GLY-OH 120893-72-3 C18H33N3O7
Fmoc-His(Trt)-Aib-OH Fmoc-His(Trt)-Aib-OH 1446013-13-3 C44H40N4O5
9-Thia-1,6-diazabicyclo[8.2.1]trideca-10(13),11-diene-2-carboxylic acid, 7-[[(carboxymethyl)amino]carbonyl]-5-oxo-, (2S,7R)- 9-Thia-1,6-diazabicyclo[8.2.1]trideca-10(13),11-diene-2-carboxylic acid, 7-[[(carboxymethyl)amino]carbonyl]-5-oxo-, (2S,7R)- 877614-95-4 C14H17N3O6S
Ethyl L-thiazolidine-4-carboxylate hydrochloride Ethyl L-thiazolidine-4-carboxylate hydrochloride 86028-91-3 C6H12ClNO2S
trisodium [N,N-bis[2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl]glycinato(5-)]manganate(3-) trisodium [N,N-bis[2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl]glycinato(5-)]manganate(3-) 11065-74-0 C14H18MnN3O10.3Na
ethyl 3-phenyl-DL-alaninate hydrochloride ethyl 3-phenyl-DL-alaninate hydrochloride 19881-53-9 C11H16ClNO2
Ferrous Glycine Sulphate Ferrous Glycine Sulphate 14729-84-1 C2H5NO2.1/2Fe.1/2H2O4S
6-[2-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)hydrazinyl]nicotinic acid 6-[2-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)hydrazinyl]nicotinic acid 133081-25-1 C11H15N3O4
3-Methoxy-D-phenylalanine 3-Methoxy-D-phenylalanine 145306-65-6 C10H13NO3
H-Arg(Pbf)-OH H-Arg(Pbf)-OH 200115-86-2 C19H30N4O5S
DesmopressinEPImpurityC DesmopressinEPImpurityC 160848-60-2 C46H63N13O13S2
4-Aminomethyl-D-Phenylalanine 4-Aminomethyl-D-Phenylalanine 1217662-97-9 C10H14N2O2
Cbz-2-Bromo-D-Phenylalanine Cbz-2-Bromo-D-Phenylalanine 123098-44-2 C17H16BrNO4
D-3-TRIFLUOROMETHYLPHENYLALANINE D-3-TRIFLUOROMETHYLPHENYLALANINE 14464-67-6 C10H10F3NO2
FMOC-D-3,4,5-TRIFLUOROPHENYLALANINE FMOC-D-3,4,5-TRIFLUOROPHENYLALANINE 205526-31-4 C24H18F3NO4
L-PENTAFLUOROPHE L-PENTAFLUOROPHE 34702-59-5 C9H6F5NO2
Methyl 1-amino-1-cyclopentanecarboxylate Methyl 1-amino-1-cyclopentanecarboxylate 78388-61-1 C7H13NO2
(R)-Isoserine (R)-Isoserine 632-11-1 C3H7NO3
Boc-4-acetyl-L-phenylalanine Boc-4-acetyl-L-phenylalanine 204856-73-5 C16H21NO5
Tetrasodium glutamate diacetate Tetrasodium glutamate diacetate 51981-21-6 C9H14NNaO8
BOC-ABU-OH BOC-ABU-OH 34306-42-8 C9H17NO4
5-Amino-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester 5-Amino-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester 660411-95-0 C9H9N3O2
cis-3-(Boc-amino)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid cis-3-(Boc-amino)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 222530-33-8 C12H21NO4
1-Pyrrolidinecarboxylicacid,3-(methylamino)-,1,1-dimethylethylester,(3S)-(9CI) 1-Pyrrolidinecarboxylicacid,3-(methylamino)-,1,1-dimethylethylester,(3S)-(9CI) 147081-59-2 C10H20N2O2
FMOC-D-2-(5-BROMOTHIENYL)ALANINE FMOC-D-2-(5-BROMOTHIENYL)ALANINE 220497-83-6 C22H18BrNO4S
8-HYDROXY-DPAT HYDROBROMIDE 8-HYDROXY-DPAT HYDROBROMIDE 87394-87-4 C16H26BrNO
Z-D-HOMOPHE-OH Z-D-HOMOPHE-OH 138812-70-1 C18H19NO4
DABSYL-L-TRYPTOPHAN DABSYL-L-TRYPTOPHAN 97685-00-2 C25H25N5O4S
FMOC-D-TYR-OH FMOC-D-TYR-OH 112883-29-1 C24H21NO5
FMOC-DAP(FMOC)-OH FMOC-DAP(FMOC)-OH 201473-90-7 C33H28N2O6
BOC-CYS(ET)-OH BOC-CYS(ET)-OH 16947-82-3 C10H19NO4S
3-Aminopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid 3-Aminopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid 80546-88-9 C5H10N2O2
FMOC-(R)-3-AMINO-3-(2-METHYL-PHENYL)-PROPIONIC ACID FMOC-(R)-3-AMINO-3-(2-METHYL-PHENYL)-PROPIONIC ACID 507472-27-7 C25H23NO4
H-DAP(BOC)-OME HCL H-DAP(BOC)-OME HCL 114559-25-0 C9H19ClN2O4
TYRPHOSTIN AG 126 TYRPHOSTIN AG 126 118409-62-4 C10H5N3O3
H-GAMMA-GLU-GLU-OH H-GAMMA-GLU-GLU-OH 1116-22-9 C10H16N2O7
FMOC-SER(GALNAC(AC)3-ALPHA-D)-OH FMOC-SER(GALNAC(AC)3-ALPHA-D)-OH 120173-57-1 C32H36N2O13
Z-D-CHG-OH Z-D-CHG-OH 69901-85-5 C16H21NO4
DABSYL-L-LEUCINE DABSYL-L-LEUCINE 89131-12-4 C20H26N4O4S
PHENYLTHIOHYDANTOIN-(NEPSILON-PHENYLTHIOCARBAMYL)-LYSINE PHENYLTHIOHYDANTOIN-(NEPSILON-PHENYLTHIOCARBAMYL)-LYSINE 29635-94-7 C20H22N4OS2
N-Boc-trans-4-tosyloxy-L-proline methyl ester N-Boc-trans-4-tosyloxy-L-proline methyl ester 88043-21-4 C18H25NO7S
(2S,4R)-FMOC-4-AMINO-1-BOC-PYRROLIDINE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID (2S,4R)-FMOC-4-AMINO-1-BOC-PYRROLIDINE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID 176486-63-8 C25H28N2O6
FMOC-(S)-3-AMINO-3-(2-CHLORO-PHENYL)-PROPIONIC ACID FMOC-(S)-3-AMINO-3-(2-CHLORO-PHENYL)-PROPIONIC ACID 507472-15-3 C24H20ClNO4
BOC-DAP(ALOC)-OH BOC-DAP(ALOC)-OH 161561-83-7 C12H20N2O6
4-Methyl hydrogen L-aspartate 4-Methyl hydrogen L-aspartate 2177-62-0 C5H9NO4
FMOC-L-3,4,5-TRIFLUOROPHENYLALANINE FMOC-L-3,4,5-TRIFLUOROPHENYLALANINE 205526-30-3 C24H18F3NO4
Poly-L-leucine Poly-L-leucine 25322-63-8 C6H13NO2
Fmoc-Aib-OH Fmoc-Aib-OH 94744-50-0 C19H19NO4
(1R,2S)-cis-2-Aminocyclopentanol hydrochloride (1R,2S)-cis-2-Aminocyclopentanol hydrochloride 137254-03-6 C5H12ClNO
3-(N-Methylamino)-L-alanine 3-(N-Methylamino)-L-alanine 15920-93-1 C4H10N2O2
L-ARGININE T-BUTYL ESTER DIHYDROCHLORIDE L-ARGININE T-BUTYL ESTER DIHYDROCHLORIDE 87459-72-1 C10H23ClN4O2
Methyl N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-threoninate Methyl N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-threoninate 79479-07-5 C10H19NO5
FMOC-(R)-3-AMINO-3-(2-NITRO-PHENYL)-PROPIONIC ACID FMOC-(R)-3-AMINO-3-(2-NITRO-PHENYL)-PROPIONIC ACID 517905-93-0 C24H20N2O6
(D-Ala2)-Leu-Enkephalin (D-Ala2)-Leu-Enkephalin 64963-01-5 C29H39N5O7
(S)-3-AMINO-4-(3,4-DIFLUOROPHENYL)BUTANOIC ACID HYDROCHLORIDE (S)-3-AMINO-4-(3,4-DIFLUOROPHENYL)BUTANOIC ACID HYDROCHLORIDE 270063-53-1 C10H11F2NO2
DIRHODIUM TETRAKIS[N-PHTHALOYL-(S)-PHENYLALANINATE] ETHYL ACETATE ADDUCT DIRHODIUM TETRAKIS[N-PHTHALOYL-(S)-PHENYLALANINATE] ETHYL ACETATE ADDUCT 131219-55-1 C68H48N4O16Rh2
BOC-(S)-3-AMINO-3-(2-BROMO-PHENYL)-PROPIONIC ACID BOC-(S)-3-AMINO-3-(2-BROMO-PHENYL)-PROPIONIC ACID 500770-75-2 C14H18BrNO4
(R)-3-AMINO-4-(4-TERT-BUTYL-PHENYL)-BUTYRIC ACID HCL (R)-3-AMINO-4-(4-TERT-BUTYL-PHENYL)-BUTYRIC ACID HCL 401916-47-0 C14H22ClNO2
FMOC-(R)-3-AMINO-3-(2-BROMO-PHENYL)-PROPIONIC ACID FMOC-(R)-3-AMINO-3-(2-BROMO-PHENYL)-PROPIONIC ACID 517905-84-9 C24H20BrNO4
L-GLUTAMIC ACID MONOPOTASSIUM SALT L-GLUTAMIC ACID MONOPOTASSIUM SALT 19473-49-5 C5H10KNO4
4-FLUORO-L-PHENYLALANINE HYDROCHLORIDE 4-FLUORO-L-PHENYLALANINE HYDROCHLORIDE 64231-54-5 C9H11ClFNO2
N-BOC-AMino-(4-N-BOC-piperidinyl)carboxylic acid N-BOC-AMino-(4-N-BOC-piperidinyl)carboxylic acid 189321-65-1 C16H28N2O6
BOC-D-2-(5-BROMOTHIENYL)ALANINE BOC-D-2-(5-BROMOTHIENYL)ALANINE 261380-16-9 C12H16BrNO4S
3-AMINOCYCLOPENTANECARBOXYLIC ACID 3-AMINOCYCLOPENTANECARBOXYLIC ACID 89614-96-0 C6H11NO2
BOC-D-LEUCINOL BOC-D-LEUCINOL 106930-51-2 C11H23NO3
ALPHA,EPSILON-DIBENZOYL-DL-LYSINE ALPHA,EPSILON-DIBENZOYL-DL-LYSINE 32513-92-1 C20H22N2O4
N,N-DIETHYLGLYCINE SODIUM SALT N,N-DIETHYLGLYCINE SODIUM SALT 5426-55-1 C6H12NNaO2
(SAR9,MET(O2)11)-SUBSTANCE P (SAR9,MET(O2)11)-SUBSTANCE P 110880-55-2 C64H100N18O15S
D-2-AMINO-5-PHENYL-PENTANOIC ACID D-2-AMINO-5-PHENYL-PENTANOIC ACID 2046-19-7 C11H15NO2
(R)-3-AMINO-4-(4-FLUOROPHENYL)BUTANOIC ACID HYDROCHLORIDE (R)-3-AMINO-4-(4-FLUOROPHENYL)BUTANOIC ACID HYDROCHLORIDE 331763-69-0 C10H13ClFNO2
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