Abstract

The efficient conversion of cellulose into glucose is critical for advancing sustainable biofuels and bioproducts. Traditional methods face significant challenges, including inefficiencies and environmental concerns, highlighting the need for innovative catalytic systems. In this study, we successfully synthesized three hydroxyl-rich carbon-based solid acid catalysts─S-catalyzer, P-catalyzer, and C-catalyze. Utilizing an aqueous hydrothermal system, the S-catalyzer, characterized by high hydroxyl content and -SO₃H groups, effectively mimicked cellulase activity, breaking glycosidic bonds and achieving a glucose yield of 68% with a cellulose conversion rate of 97.2% within 120 min. The catalysts also demonstrated remarkable recyclability, maintaining over 90% conversion efficiency across multiple cycles. This stability is attributed to the robustness of hydroxyl and -SO₃H groups and the recycling of glucose as a carbonation substrate in a closed-loop system. Our findings provide a novel, environmentally sustainable method for cellulose hydrolysis, offering significant potential for scalable biofuel production and broader biotechnological applications.